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This paper examines China’s role as a mediator in the Middle East from the announcement of the Global Security Initiative (GSI) in 2022 to the October 2025 Gaza ceasefire. It analyses how Beijing has sought to position itself as an alternative to Western powers by leveraging its diplomatic flexibility, inclusive approach and channels of communication with the Palestinian leadership and factions. After outlining China’s mediation strategy in the Middle East, it provides a study of the “Beijing Declaration on Palestinian National Unity” signed by Palestinian factions in July 2024. Then, it assesses the major limitations that constrain Beijing’s capacity to influence the peace process, as well as the opportunities China’s engagement may bring – from the creation of alternative channels for dialogue to even stimulating a “global competition for peace”. Overall, the paper argues that despite the uncertain effectiveness of China’s selective engagement and pragmatic hedging, Beijing’s growing mediation and activism in the region opens new avenues for peacebuilding and multilateral mediation where Palestinians regain an active role.
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